Notes

  1. . Robert L. Heilbroner, An Inquiry into the Human Prospect (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., (1974).
  2. . Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162 1968 1243:48 and Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective. Action (New York: Schocken Books, 1968).
  3. . Langdon Gilkey, Shantung Compound (New York: Harper & Row, (1966).
  4. . Donald T. Campbell, “Variation and Selective Retention in Socio‐Cultural Evolution,” in Social Change in Developing Arras, ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten, and K. W. Mack (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co., (1965).
  5. . This section is adapted from my “On the Genetics of Altruism and the Counterhedonic Components in Human CultureJournal of social Issues  28 (1972): 21–37, with modifications and with permission from the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
  6. . Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discounts (London: Hogarth Press, (1930), pp. 122–23.
  7. . V. C. Wynne‐Edwards, Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1962); see also his “Intergroup Selection in the Evolution of Social Systems,”: Nature 200 1963 623–26 and “Self‐Regulating Systems in Population of Animals,” Science 147 1965 1543–47
  8. . George C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, (1966).
  9. . J. B. S. Haldane, The Causes of Evolution (London: Longmans, (1932).
  10. . R. L.Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology  46 (1971): 35–37.
  11. . W. C. Allee et al., Principles of Animal Ecolog (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1949); M. V. Brian, Social Insect Populations (New York: Academic Press, 1965); K. Krishna and F. M. Weesner, eds., Biology of Termites (New York: Academic Press, 1969); and E. O. Wilson, Thed Insect Societies (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, (1971).
  12. .Wilson; and W. D.Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior,“Journal of Theoretical Biology  7 (1964): 1–51.
  13. . Williams (n. 8 above).
  14. . Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (London: Chatto & Windus, (1932).
  15. . R. C. Lewontin, “Selection in and of Populations,” in Ideas in Modern Biology, ed. J. A. Moore (Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1965); Trivers (n. 10 above); E. O. Wilson, “Group Selection and Its Significance for Ecology,” BioScience 23 1973 631–38: and D. S. Wilson, “A Theory of Group Selection,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 72 1975: 143 –46.
  16. . Hamilton (n. 12 above); and W. D. Hamilton, “Selection of Selfish and Altruistic Behavior in Some Extreme Models,” in Man and Beast: Comparative Social Behavior, ed. J. F. Eisenberg and W. S. Dillon (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971).
  17. .Campbell (11. 4 above); and R.Cohen, “The Stategy of Social Evolution,” Anthropologica  4 (1962): 321–48.
  18. . Note, however, P. Auger, L'homme microscopique: Essai de monodologie (Paris: Flammarion, (1952), pp. 122–23.
  19. . Konrad Lorenz, “The Enmity between Generations and Its Probable Ethological Causes,” Studium Generale 23 1970: 963–97 (repr. in Konrud Lorenz: The Man and His Ideas, ed. R. I. Evans [New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1975]), and Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., (1973). But see also Donald T. Campbell, “Reintroducing Konrad Lorenz to Psychology,” in Konrad Lorenz.
  20. . Heilbroner, pp. 20–21, 69–70.
  21. . J. G. Beebe‐Center, Pleasantness and Unpleasantness (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., (1932).
  22. . K. Lewin et al., “Level of Aspiration,” in Personality and the Behavior Disorders, ed. J. McV. Hunt (New York: Ronald Press, (1944).
  23. . H. Helson, Adaptation‐Level Theory: An Experimental and Systematic Approach, to Behavior (New York: Harper & Row, (1964).
  24. . For a more detailed analysis, see P. Brickman and Donald T. Campbell, “Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society,” in Adaptation‐Level Theory: A Symposium, ed. M. H. Appley (New York: Academic Press, 1971).
  25. . Trivers (n. 10 above).
  26. . Svend Ranulf, Moral Indignation and Middle Class Psychology (Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, (1938).
  27. . Olson (n. 2 above).
  28. . Donald T. Campbell, “Evolutionary Epistemology,” in The Philosophy of Karl Popper, ed. P. A. Schilpp, Library of Living Philosophers (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Co., 1974), 14:413–63, and “Unjustified Variation and Selective Retention in Scientific Discovery,” in Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, ed. Theodosius Dobzhansky and Francisco J. Ayala (London: Macmillan Co., (1974).