Notes
- . Karl Marx, “Toward the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law: Introduction,” Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society trans. and ed. Loyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1967), p. 257.
- . Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Prometheus Unbound,” in The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1935), act 3, sc. 4, lines 190–96.
- . Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (London: Allen & Unwin, 1964).
- . See Julien Freund, The Sociology of Max Weber, trans. Mary Ilford (New York: Pantheon Books, 1968), p. 24.
- . Walter Benjamin, “The Task of the Translator,” in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), p. 72.
- . Lionel Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 19.
- . Ibid.
- . Ibid.
- . Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau (New York: Modern Library, 1945), p. 3.
- . As Hegel remarked, “in this absolute freedom all social ranks or classes, which are the component spiritual factors into which the whole is differentiated, are effaced and annulled; the individual consciousness that belonged to any such group and exercised its will and found its fulfillment there, has removed the barriers confining it; its purpose is the universal purpose, its language universal law, its work universal achievement…. For the universal to pass into a deed, it must gather itself into the single unity of individuality, and put an individual consciousness in the forefront; for universal will is an actual concrete will only in a self that is single and one…. Universal freedom can thus produce neither a positive achievement nor a deed; there is left for it only negative action; it is merely the rage and fury of destruction….The sole and only work and deed accomplished by universal freedom is therefore death—a death that achieves nothing, embraces nothing within its grasp; for what is negated is the unachieved unfulfilled, punctual entity of the absolutely free self. It is the most cold—blooded and meaningless death of all, with no more significance than cleaving a head of cabbage or swallowing a draught of water. In this single expressionless syllable consists the wisdom of the government, the intelligence of the universal will; this is how it fulfills itself” (G. W. F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind, trans. J. B. Baillie, 2d ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1955), pp. 601–2, 604–5.
- . André Malraux, Le Triangle Noir (Paris: Gallimard, 1970).
- . Pierre Emmanuel, Baudelaire: The Paradox of Redemptive Satanism, trans. Robert T. Cargo (University: University of Alabama Press, 1970), p. 48.
- . In this paper I speak only of Georg Lukács. My reference to Bertolt Brecht is to the Lehrstücken, particularly The Measures Taken, in which Brecht justifies murder of a comrade for the sake of the Party. In the play Brecht has a song entitled “Praise of the Party.” It says in part: “A single man has two eyes/The party has a thousand eyes…. A single man can be annihilated/But the Party cannot be annihilated’ (in The Modern Theatre, ed. Eric Bentley [New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1960], pp. 277–78).
- . Georg Lukács, The Theory of the Novel: A Historico‐Philosophical Essay on the Forms of Great Epic Literature, trans. Anna Bostock (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1971), p. 152.
- . Lee Congdon, “The Unexpected Revolutionary: Lukács Road to Marx,” Survey (Spring‐Summer 1974). See also Lee Congdon, “o” The Making of a Hungarian Revolutionary: The Unpublished Diary of Bela Balazs, “Journal of Contemporary History” (July 1973).
- . I owe this formulation to my friend Irving Kristol.
- . Max Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, trans. and ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 125.
- . Marcel Granet, La Pensée Chinoise (Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1950), pp. 334ff.