Notes

  1. . E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).
  2. . E.g., D. P. Barash, Sociobiology and Behavior (New York: Elsevier‐North Holland Publishing Co., 1977); Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, “A Simple Dual Inheritance Model of the Conflict between Social and Biological Evolution,” Zygon 11 (1976): 254–62; Ralph Wendell Burhoe, “The Concept of God and Soul in a Scientific View of Human Purpose,” ibid. 8 (1973): 412–42; idem, “The Human Prospect and the ‘Lord of History,”” ibid. 10 (1975): 299–375; Donald T. Campbell, “On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition,” American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1103–26 (reprinted in Zygon 11 [1976]: 167–208); idem, “Social Morality Norms as Evidence of Conflict between Biological and Human Nature and Social System Requirements,” in Morality as a Biological Phenomenon, ed. G. S. Stent (Berlin: Dahlem Knoferenzen, in press); M. Daly and M. Wilson, Sex, Evolution, and Behavior (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978); Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (London: Oxford University Press, 1976); W. H. Durham, “The Adaptive Significance of Cultural Behavior,” Human Ecology 4 (1976): 89–121; M. T. Ghiselin, The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); George Edgin Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (New York: Basic Books, 1977); Peter J. Richerson, “Ecology and Human Ecology: A Comparison of Theories in the Biological and Social Sciences,” American Ethnologist 4 (1977): 1–26.
  3. . See Dawkins (n. 2 above).
  4. .Campbell “On the Conflicts” (n. 2 above); F. T.Cloak, “Is a Cultural Ethology PossibleHuman Ecology  3 (1975):161–82; Dawkins; Ralph WendellBurhoe, “The Source of Civilization in the Natural Selection of Coadapted Information in Genes and Culturew,” Zygon  11 (1976):263–303.
  5. . Campbell,“On the Conflicts” Durham (n. 2 above); Burhoe (n. 4 above); Cloak (n. 4 above).
  6. . W. D.Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior,” Journal of Theoretical Biology  7 (1964):1–51.
  7. . Campbell,“On the Conflicts,” p. 1106.
  8. . Durham, p. 96.
  9. . The proximate‐ultimate distinction is taken from Barash (n. 2 above).
  10. . See, e.g., A. Alland, “Adaptation,” Annual Review of Anthropology 4 (1975): 59–73; Donald T. Campbell, “Variation and Selective Retention in Socio‐cultural Evolution,” in Social Change in Developing Areas, ed. Herbert R. Barringer, George I. Blanksten, and Raymond W. Mack (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1965); P. Corning, “Politics and Evolutionary Process,” in Evolutionary Biology, vol. 7, ed. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Max K. Hecht, and W. C. Steers (New York: Plenum Press, 1974); Durham (n. 2 above).
  11. . Roger Brown and R. J. Herrnstein, Psychology (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1975); R. J. Herrnstein, “The Evolution of Behaviorism, “American Psychologist 32 (1977): 593–603; idem, “Instinct, Drive, and Value “(paper delivered at the Brigham Young Symposium on Values, Provo, Utah, April 1977).
  12. . Herrnstein, “Instinct, Drive, and Value.”
  13. . Ibid.
  14. . See, e.g., Pugh (n. 2 above) and R. W. Sperry, “Bridging Science and Values: A Unifying View of Mind and Brain,” American Psychologist 32 (1977): 237–45(reprinted in this issue).
  15. . Campbell, “On the Conflicts” (n. 2 above).
  16. . Brown and Herrnstein (n. 11 above).
  17. . Herrnstein, “Instinct, Drive, and Value.“
  18. . R. J. Herrnstein, “On the Law of Effect,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13 (1970): 243–66; idem, “Formal Properties of the Matching Law,” ibid. 21 (1974): 159–64; P. de Villiers, “Choice in Concurrent Schedules and a Quantitative Formulation of the Law of Effect,” in Handbook of Operant Behavior, ed. W. K. Honig and J. E. R. Staddon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1977).
  19. . Harold L.Miller, Jr., “Matching‐Based Hedonic Scaling in the Pigeon,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior  26 (1976): 335–47.
  20. . Burhoe (n. 2 above); Campbell, “On the Conflicts” (n. 2 above).
  21. . G.Ainslie, “Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control,” Psychological Bulletin  82(1975):463–96.
  22. . R. L.Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology  46 (1971): 35–57.