Notes

  1. . Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modem Biology, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1971); my italics.
  2. . “Necessity” is the word used by Monod to denote the deterministic aspect of natural processes. But we need also to refer to the basic “givenness” of the features of the universe mentioned in the first sentence of this paper (i.e., the fundamental physical constants, the fundamental particles as well as the physical laws of the interrelation of matter, energy, space, and time and of other physical features of the universe). Because of this wider reference I shall usually use the word “law” rather than “necessity” to refer to these “given” aspects of the universe that include the statistical, apparently deterministic laws governing the behavior of matter, at least above the subatomic level. These natural laws provide the rules according to which the life game is played.
  3. . Eccles. 9:11 (N.E.B.).
  4. . Paradise Lost 2:907–9.
  5. . In Memoriam 55, 56.
  6. . J. Slater, ed., Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), p. 363 (Carlyle to Emerson, August 5, 1844).
  7. . Bertrand Russell, “A Free Man's Worship” (1903), in Mysticism and Logic, and Other Essays (London: Allen & Unwin, 1963), p. 41.
  8. . Cf. Ernest Nagel, The Structure of Science (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), chap. 10.
  9. . Monod (n. 1 above).
  10. . Ibid., p. 110.
  11. . W. G. Pollard, Chance and Providence (London: Faber, 1958), p. 97.
  12. . Ibid., p. 72.
  13. . W. G.Pollard, “A Critique of Jacques Monod's Chance and Necessity,” Soundings  (Winter) 1973), pp. 433–44.
  14. . For a brief account see my “Chance and Necessity in the Life‐Game,” Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2 (1977): 99–100, and for a more thorough exposition my “The Nature of Evolution of Biological Hierarchies,” in New Approaches to Genetics, ed. P. W. Kent (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Oriel Press, 1978), pp. 245–304.
  15. . IlyaPrigogine and G.Nicolis, “Biological Order, Structure and Instabilities,” Quarterly Review of Biophysics  4 (1971): 132.
  16. . M. Eigen, “The Self‐Organization of Matter and the Evolution of Biological Macromolecules,” Naturwissmschaften 58 (1971): 465–523; M. Eigen and P. Schuster, “The Hypercycle–A Principle of Natural Self‐Organizations,” ibid. 64 (1977): 541–65 and 65 (1978): 7–41; R. Winkler and M. Eigen, Das Spiel (Munich: R. Piper & Co. Verlag, 1975).
  17. . Eigen, “The Self‐Organization of Matter,” p. 519.
  18. . See my Creation of the World of Science (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), chap. 1.
  19. . Ibid., chap. 6; John Cobb, Christ in a Pluralistic Age (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971).
  20. . Peacocke, Creation and the World of Science, chap. 2.
  21. . Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Gamut.”
  22. . Job 38:7. Cf. Johannes Kepler, for whom the cosmos was a spiritual harmony (“concentus intellectualis”) which “pure spirits and in a certain way even God sense with no less enjoyment and pleasure than man experiences when listening to musical chords” (as quoted by Max Caspar, Kepler, trans, and ed. C. Doris Hellman [London: Abelard‐Schumann, 1959], p. 95).
  23. . For a much wider treatment of Eastern thought and mysticism in relation to modern physics in particular see Fritjof Capra's The Tao of Physics (Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala Publications, 1975) and my comments on this in appendix A to my Creation and the World of Science.
  24. . A. Glansdorff and Ilya Prigogine, Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability, and Fluctuations (New York: Wiley‐Interscience, 1971).
  25. . A. K. Coomaraswamy, The Dance of Shiva (London: Peter Owen, 1958), p. 70.
  26. . “The Vision of the Sacred Dance” (from Tirumular's Tirumantrum), as quoted by Coomaraswamy, p. 71.
  27. . Coomaraswamy, pp. 77–78.
  28. . John Davies (1569–1626), ‐“Orchestra, or, a Poem on Dancing,” in Silver Poets of the 16th Century, ed. G. Bullett (London: Everyman's Library, Dent, 1947), pp. 322–23. I am indebted to Mrs. Jane Brooke of Salisbury, England, for drawing my attention to this poem.
  29. . Tirumular, as quoted by Coomaraswamy, p. 74.
  30. . Harvey Cox, The Feast of Fools (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), p. 151.
  31. . J. Moltmann, Theology and Joy (London: S.C.M. Press, 1973), pp.38, 40–41. Again cf. Kepler's “As God the Creator played/ so He also taught nature, as His image, to play/ the very game/ which He played before her” (as quoted by Caspar [n. 22 above], p. 185).
  32. . Il Paradise, canto 27, lines 4–5.
  33. . I am much indebted to Dr. J. Lipner, Saint Edmund House, Cambridge, England, and the Rev. J. S. Thekkumkal of Campion Hall, Oxford, England, and Dharmaram College, Bangalore, India, for introducing me to this concept. The latter kindly also allowed me to see a draft of the part on “Nature in Indian Thought” of his, as yet unpublished, thesis. These paragraphs owe much to his account.
  34. . H. Zimmer, Philosophies of India, ed. J. Campbell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951), p. 571.
  35. . Ibid., p. 570.
  36. . Ibid., p. 593.
  37. . N. A. Nikam, “The Problem of Creation: Concepts of Māyāa and L?ilāa,” in The Integral Philosophy of Sri Aurobindo, ed. H. Chaudhuri and F. Spiegelberg (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960), p. 147. The quotations within this passage are from Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine (Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo International University Collection, 1955).
  38. . Prov. 8:27–31.