Notes

  1. . David P. Barash, “Evolution as a Paradigm of Behavior,” in Sociobiology and Human Nature, ed. M. S. Gregory, A. Silvers, and D. Sutch (San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, Inc., 1978), p. 28.
  2. . Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976); or see the majority of papers in Gregory, Silvers, and Sutch and in A. L. Caplan, ed., The Sociobiology Debate (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
  3. . See esp. L. Goldstein, The Organism (New York: American Book Co., 1939).
  4. . Since W. G. Sumner's Foldways (Boston: Ginn, 1906).
  5. . R. L. Kirk and A. G. Thorne, eds., The Original of the Australians (New York: Humanities Press, 1976).
  6. . See my Human Sociobiology: A Holistic Approach (New York: Free Press, 1979). Macaque monkeys apparently behave much as did aboriginals in this regard. When groups are much beyond some two hundred fifty individuals, they fission into two mutually antagonistic groups (C. B. Koford, “Group Relations in an Island Colony of Rhesus Monkeys,” in Primate Social Behavior, ed. Charles H. Southwick [Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963]; B. D. Chepko‐Sade and D. S. Sade, “Patterns of Group Splitting within Matrilineal Kinship Groups,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5 [1979]: 67–86). A process such as this has been documented first hand among the Yanomamo Indians of Brazil (N. Chagnon, “Mate Competition, Favoring Close Kin and Village Fissioning among the Yanomamo Indians,” in Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, ed. N. Chagnon and W. Irons I North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1979]), and it is likely to have been a common human occurrence throughout man's past.
  7. . D. O.Hebb, “Heredity and Environment,” British Journal of Animal Behavior  . 1 (1959): 43–7.
  8. . D. T. Suzuki, in a paper presented to an international conference on psychiatry and neurology, Tokyo, Japan, August 1961.
  9. . Freedman, Human Sociobiology.
  10. . Clyde Kluckhohn, “Some Aspects of Navajo Infancy and Early Childhood,” in Personal Character and Cultural Milien, ed. D. G. Haring (Syracuse. N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1948); J. Callaghan, “Anglo, Hopi and Navajo Infants and Mothers: Newborn Behaviors, Interaction Styles, and Childrearing Beliefs and Practices” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1980).
  11. . James S. Chisholm, “Cradle Boarding Practices among the Navajo” (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1977).
  12. . R.Stiafer, “Athabaskan and Sino‐Tibetan,” International Journal of American Linguistics  18 (1952): 12–19.
  13. . Joan Kuchner, “Chinese‐ and European‐Americans: A Cross‐Cultural Study of Infants and Mothers” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1980).
  14. . W. Caudill and N. A. Frost, “A Comparison of Maternal Care and Infant Behavior in Japanese‐American, American and Japanese Families,” in Influences on Human Development, ed. Urie Bronfenbrenner and M. A. Mahoney (Winsdale, III.: Dry‐den Press, 1975).
  15. . C. LoProto, “A Comparison of Infant Differences in Two Ethnic Groups: Italian and Swedish” (paper, Committee on Human Development, University of Chicago, 1979).
  16. . Callaghan.
  17. . Nova Green, “An Exploratory Study of Aggression and Spacing Behavior in Two Pre‐School Nurseries: Chinese‐American and European‐American” (M.A. thesis, University of Chicago, 1969).
  18. . Sheila Smith, “Imaginal Behavior in Chinese and Jewish Pre‐Schoolers” (paper, Committee on Human Development, University of Chicago, 1980).
  19. . New Yorker (ca. 1975); see also W. Kessen, ed., Childhood in China (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1975).
  20. . K. A. Abbott, “Cultural Change and the Persistence of Chinese Personality,” in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality, ed. G. A. DeVos (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976), pp. 74–104.
  21. . It should be noted that the general issue of continuity versus discontinuity in human temperament and personality is a recurrent one and that it has never been satisfactorily solved (e.g., see my “Personality Development in Infancy,” in Perspectives on Human Evolution, ed. S. L. Washburn and P. C. Jay[New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968]).
  22. . I. Chiang, The Chinese Eye: An Interpretation of Chinese Painting (London: Methuen, 960).
  23. . Lao‐tze, Tao Teh King, trans. A. J. Bahm (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1950). G. Witherspoon, Language and Art in the Navajo Universe (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977).
  24. . None of this is to say, e.g., that Europeans are more prone to warfare than Orientals or that Chinese boys are less interested in guns and military display than European lads; aggression and the interest in its display are very likely human universals. It is to say that, within such universals, permutations exist which differentially characterize mankind.
  25. . Mark Elvin, Self‐Liberation and Self‐Immolation in Modern Chinese Thought, 39th Morrison Lecture in Ethnology (Canberra: Australian National University, 1978).
  26. . Ibid.
  27. . As quoted in ibid.
  28. . As quoted in ibid.
  29. . As quoted in ibid.
  30. . As quoted in ibid.
  31. . As quoted in ibid.
  32. . E.g., Erich Fromm's Man for Himelf (New York: Rinehart, 1947) and Joseph Wood Krutch's The Measure of Man (New York: Grosset & Dunlop, Inc., 1954).
  33. . Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955).
  34. . The president of Senegal (Leopold Senghor) gave an African twist to Cartesian logic by revising it into “I feel, therefore I am” (S. Malik, “Psychological Modernization: A Comparative Study of Educated Africans and Americans in the United States” [Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1980]).
  35. . T. S. Lebra, Japanese Patterns of Behavior (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1976); F. L. K. Hsu, Americans and Chinese (Garden City, N. Y.: Natural History Press, 1970).
  36. . Malik.
  37. . Daniel G.Freedman and M.DeBoer, “Biological and Cultural Differences in Early Child Development,” Annual Review of Anthropology  8 (1979): 579–600.
  38. . UNESCO Proposals on the Biological Aspects of Race [Moscow, 19641,” in Race and Social Difference, ed. P. Baxter and B. Sansom (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968); M. Sahlins, The Use and Abuse of Biology (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1976); R. C. Lewontin, “The Apportionment of Human Diversity,” Evolutionary Biology 6 (1972): 381–98.
  39. . Freedman, Human Sociobiology (n. 6 above).