Notes

1. . For a discussion of the relationship between philosophic analysis, construction of the concept of moral development, and empirical inquiry, see Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays on Moral Development, vol. 1, The Philosophy of Moral Development (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981), pp. 101–89.
2. . See ibid., pp. 294–306 for this argument.
3. . See ibid, for a review of this evidence.
4. . H. Hartshorne and M. A. May, Studies in the Nature of Character, vol. 1, Studies in Deceit; vol. 2, Studies in Self‐Control; vol. 3, Studies in the Organization of Character (New York: Macmillan, 1928–1930).
5. . Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays on Moral Development, vol. 3, Education and Moral Development (San Francisco: Harper & Row, forthcoming).
6. . This is critiqued in an extensive discussion of the naturalistic fallacy in Kohlberg (n. 1 above), pp. 101–89.
7. . For reasons for philosophically rejecting emotivistic theories of moral judgment, see ibid.
8. . J. Gilligan, “Psychoanalytic Theory and Morality,” in Moral Development and Behavior, ed. T. Lickona (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976).
9. . Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents (London: Hogarth Press, 1930).
10. . Joseph Ratner, ed., Intelligence in the Modem World: John Dewey's Philosophy (New York: Random House, 1939), pp. 1000–4. While the meaning of this and other quotations is true to that of the author quoted, occasionally material is condensed and syntax is shifted for the sake of brevity.
11. . James Fowler, “Stages in Faith: The Structural Developmental Approach,” in Values and Moral Development, ed. T. Hennessey (New York: Paulist Press, 1976); idem, “Mapping Faith's Structures: A Developmental View,“ in Life Maps: Conversations on the Journey of Faith, ed. J. Fowler and S. Keen (Waco, Texas: Word Books, 1978).
12. . Paul Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1952).
13. . These exemplars are cited in Kohlberg (n. 1 above), pp. 29–38.
14. . Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” in Great Documents in Black American History, ed. George Ducas (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970), pp. 282–83.
15. . Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Divine Milieu (New York: Harper & Row, 1968).
16. . Zygon 14– (March, 1979): 2.
17. . The concept of justice as equilibrium is discussed in Kohlberg (n. 1 above), pp. 101–226.
18. . Stephen Toulmin, An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950).
19. . F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 60.
20. . Ibid., p. 62.
21. . Fowler (n. 11 above); J. Fowler and A. Vergote, eds., Toward Moral and Religious Maturity (Morristown, N. J.: Silver‐Burdett, 1980).
22. . R. Shulik, “Faith Development, Moral Development, and Old Age: An Assessment of Fowler's Faith Development Paradigm” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1979); Clark Power and Lawrence Kohlberg, “Religion, Morality, and Ego Development,” in Fowler and Vergote (n. 21 above).
23. . Fowler, “Stages in Faith” (n. 11 above), p. 209.
24. . J. Loevinger, Ego Development (San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1976); E. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1950).
25. . Our distinction between moral judgment and ethical development will be elaborated in Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays on Moral Development, vol. 2, The Psychology of Moral Development (San Francisco: Harper & Row, forthcoming).
26. . The distinction made by modern moral philosophers between normative moral judgments, principles, or theories, and metaethical theories is clarified by Kohlberg (n. 1 above), pp. 101–226.
27. . Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. L. Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs‐Merrill, 1959); idem, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, in The Philosophy of Kant, ed. C. J. Friedrich (New York: Random House, 1949).
28. . J. M. Baldwin, Thoughts and Things, 3 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1906); Ratner (n. 10 above); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).
29. . Ratner (n. 10 above), pp. 1016–18.
30. . John Dewey, A Common Faith (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1934).
31. . Power and Kohlberg (n. 22 above).
32. . Kohlberg (n. 1 above), pp. 101–89.
33. . F. Oser, “Stages of Religious Judgment,” in Fowler and Vergote (n. 21 above).
34. . Ibid.
35. . Ibid.
36. . Fowler, “Stages in Faith” (n. 11 above).
37. . Lawrence Kohlberg, “Continuities in Childhood and Adult Moral Development Revisited,“ in Life‐Span Developmental Psychology: Personality and Socialization, ed. P. B. Baltes and K. W. Schaie (New York: Academic Press, 1973); idem, “Stages and Aging in Moral Development: Some Speculations,” Gerontologist 13 (1973): 497–502.
38. . Ibid.
39. . Marcus Aurelius Meditations 4.4.
40. . Ibid.
41. . Lawrence Kohlberg and R. Shulik, “The Aging Person as Philosopher,” in Kohlberg (n. 25 above).
42. . G. Outka, Agape: An Ethical Analysis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972); W. K. Frankena, Ethics (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall, 1963).
43. . Kohlberg (n. 1 above), pp. 190–226.
44. . Lawrence Kohlberg and Clark Power 259.
45. . Ibid.
46. . Quoted in Outka, p. 75.
47. . D. J. Shawver, “Character and Ethics: An Epistemological Inquiry of Lawrence Kohlberg's Cognitive Theory of Moral Development” (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1979).
48. . C. Gilligan, “In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality,” Harvard Educational Review 47 (1977): 481–517.
49. . Ratner (n. 10 above), pp. 396–98.
50. . Ibid., pp. 1025–26.
51. . Kant, Religion (n. 27 above), pp. 396–98.
52. . Ibid., pp. 405–9.
53. . Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (New York: Humanities Press, 1938); Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Anchor, 1958); Teilhard (n. 15 above).
54. . Whitehead, p. 4.
55. . Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, in Spinoza Selections, ed. J. Wild (New York: Scribners, 1930).
56. . Ibid.
57. . Ibid.
58. . E. M. Curley, Spinoza's Metaphysics: An Essay in Interpretation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969).
59. . Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), p. 31.
60. . Henri de Lubac, The Religion of Teilhard de Chardin (New York: Image Books, 1968), p. 56.
61. . Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Letters from a Traveller (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), pp. 155–56.
62. . Teilhard, Divine Milieu (n. 15 above), p. 129.
63. . Ibid.
64. . Ibid., p. 120.
65. . Teilhard, Phenomenon of Man, p. 231.
66. . Ratner (n. 10 above); Mead (n. 28 above); Baldwin (n. 28 above).