Notes

1. . Thomas H. Huxley, “On the Reception of the ‘Origin of Species’,” in The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin Including an Autobiographical Chapter, ed. Francis Darwin, 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1887), 2:182–83. For the clash between Thomas H. Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce cf. also William Irvine, Apes, Angels, and Victorians: Darwin Huxley, and Evolution (Cleveland: World, Meridian Books, 1959), pp. 6–7.
2. . Reprinted in Asa Gray's Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism (New York: D. Appleton, 1878), pp. 9–61.
3. . Ibid., p. 11.
4. . Ibid., p. 14.
5. . Ibid., p. 53.
6. . Ibid., p. 54.
7. . Ibid., p. 56.
8. . Ibid., p. 61.
9. . Ibid., p. 175.
10. . Cf. Asa Gray, Natural Science and Religion: Two Lectures Delivered to the Theological School of Yale College (New York: Scribner's 1880), p. 65.
11. . Ibid., p. 91.
12. . Ibid.
13. . For details cf. H. Burnell Pannill, The Religious Faith of John Fiske (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1957), p. 12.
14. . Ibid., pp. 22–23, esp. n. 68.
15. . John Fiske, Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy Based on the Doctrine of Evolution, with Criticisms on the Positive Philosophy, 2 vols. (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1875), 2:415.
16. . Ibid., p. 416.
17. . Ibid., p. 415.
18. . Cf. the extensive review article by B. P. Bowne, “The Cosmic Philosophy,” Methodist Quarterly Review 58 (October 1876): 678, where Bowne doubts “if the new doctrine will much advance the interest of either religion or science.”
19. . Charles Darwin, “Letter to John Fiske, Decembers, 1874,” in Darwin (n. 1 above), 3:193.
20. . John Fiske, Excursions of an Evolutionist (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1884), pp. 294–305. For details of Spencer's enthusiastic reception in the United States see Herbert Spencer on the Americans and the Americans on Herbert Spencer, comp. Edward L. Youmans (1883; reprint ed., New York: Arno Press, 1973).
21. . Fiske, p. 301.
22. . Ibid., p. 303.
23. . For details cf. the informed study by Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, rev. ed. (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1969), pp. 17–18.
24. . Louis Agassiz, The Structure of Animal Life: Six Lectures (New York: Charles Scribner, 1866), p. 6.
25. . Ibid., p. 91.
26. . Ibid.
27. . Joseph Le Conte, Evolution, Its Nature, Its Evidences, and Its Relation to Religious Thought, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1892), p. 44. Surprisingly Le Conte also claims that Agassiz rejected evolution since it conflicted with his religious convictions. That his rejection of Darwin's theory was based on religious grounds seems to be a misunderstanding as I have shown above.
28. . Cf. ibid., pp. 96–97.
29. . Ibid., p. 98.
30. . Ibid., p. 373.
31. . Ibid., p. 372.
32. . Joseph Le Conte, Religion and Science: A Series of Sunday School Lectures on the Relation of Natural and Revealed Religion, or the Truths Revealed in Nature and Scripture (London: Bickers & Son, 1874), p. 301, where he says: “God himself works in Nature only within the limits of law. He cannot do otherwise (I speak it with reverence), He cannot violate law, because law is the expression of his will, and his will is the law of reason.”
33. . According to Hofstadter (n. 23 above), p. 22.
34. . As quoted in ibid., p. 23.
35. . Andrew D. White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1897), 1:78.
36. . Hofstadter, p. 24.
37. . Frank Hugh Foster, The Modem Movement in American Theology: Sketches in the History of American Protestant Thought from the Civil War to the World War (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1939), p. 38.
38. . Bibliotheca Sacra 20 (1863): 222.
39. . Ibid. 24 (1867): 371.
40. . Baptist Quarterly 2 (1868): 270.
41. . Ibid., p. 264.
42. . Ibid. 8 (1874): 375.
43. . Methodist Quarterly Review 43 (1861): 627. Foster's observation that the quarterly, “from 1860 to 1880, has no single attempt at a discussion of any theological or scientific bearings of Darwin's work!” is certainly mistaken (n. 37 above, p. 42).
44. 44 Methodist Quarterly Review 45 (1863): 183.
45. . Ibid. 42 (1865): 378.
46. . Religious Magazine and Monthly Review 45 (1871): 502.
47. . Ibid.
48. . Lutheran Quarterly 1 (1871): 182.
49. . Ibid., pp. 184–85.
50. . Ibid., p. 477.
51. . Ibid., p. 480.
52. . Ibid. 2 (1872): 241.
53. . Ibid.
54. . Ibid., p. 376.
55. . Charles Hodge, What Is Darwinism? (New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1874), pp. 39–40.
56. . Ibid., p. 41.
57. . Ibid., p. 27.
58. . Ibid., p. 58.
59. . Ibid., p. 104.
60. . Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner, 1871), 2:15.
61. . Ibid., p. 173. Cf. Hodge (n. 55 above), p. 148.
62. . Hodge (n. 60 above), 2:19.
63. . Hodge (n. 55 above), p. 95.
64. . Ibid., pp. 174–75.
65. 65. Nation (May 28, 1974), reprinted in Gray (n. 2 above), pp. 266–82.
66. . Ibid., p. 279.
67. . J. William Dawson, Modem Ideas of Evolution as Related to Revelation and Science (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1890), p. 226.
68. . Ibid., p. 230.
69. . James McCosh, Christianity and Positivism: A Series of Lectures to the Times on Natural Theology and Apologetics (New York: Robert Carter, 1871), p. 63.
70. . James McCosh, The Religious Aspect of Evolution (New York: Charles Scribner, 1890), p. vii.
71. . Ibid., pp. ix‐x.
72. . Bibliotheca Sacra 37 (1880): 76
73. . Henry Ward Beecher, Evolution and Religion (New York: Fords, Howard & Hulbert, 1885), as reprinted in part in Evolution and Religion: The Conflict between Science and Theology in Modem America, ed. Gail Kennedy (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1967), p. 18.
74. . Ibid., p. 19.
75. . Ibid., p. 15.
76. . Ibid., p. 20.
77. . Ira V. Brown, in his interesting study, Lyman Abbott, A Christian Evolutionist: A Study in Religious Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 141.
78. . Lyman Abbott, Reminiscences (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1915), p. 285.
79. . Lyman Abbott, The Theology of an Evolutionist (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1897), p. 9.
80. . Ibid.
81. . Ibid., pp. 6–7, 19.
82. . Abbott (n. 78 above), p. 460, and many other places.
83. . Ibid., p. 459.
84. . Abbott (n. 79 above), p. 186.
85. . Ibid., p. 190.
86. . Cf. Washington Gladden, Who Wrote the Bible: A Book for the People (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1891), in which he attempted to demonstrate that the Bible had a “natural history” as well as a supernatural one.
87. . William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Collier Books, 1961), p. 88. Cf. also Edward A. White's penetrating study, Science and Religion in American Thought: The Impact of Naturalism (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1952), pp. 4–8, where White emphasizes the influence of James and Reinhold Niebuhr in the rediscovery of the true significance of the Christian faith against optimistic evolutionism.
88. . James, p. 140.
89. . Cf. ibid., p. 141.
90. . Gray (n. 2 above), p. vi.
91. . Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917; reprint ed., New York: Abingdon Press, 1945), p. 156.
92. . Ibid., p. 220.
93. . Ibid., p. 181.
94. . According to Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1960), p. 549.
95. . Langdon Gilkey, Religion and the Scientific Future: Reflection on Myth, Science, and Theology (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), p. 85.
96. . Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man, vol. 1 (1941; reprinted., New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1964), p. 24.
97. . Reinhold Niebuhr, “The Truths in Myths,” in Kennedy (n. 73 above), p. 93.
98. . Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (1929; reprint ed., New York: Macmillan Co., 1960), p. 524.
99. . John B. Cobb, Jr., and David R. Griffin, Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976), pp.67–68.
100. . Ibid., p. 29.