Notes

  1. . R. A. Burkhardt, The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977, pp. 143–85.
  2. . See, e.g., Bertrand Russell, Wisdom of the West (New York: Crescent Books, 1959, p. 88.
  3. . See, e.g., Ludwig von Bertalanffy,“The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology” in Biology, History and Natural Philosophy, ed. A. Breck and W. Yourgrau (New York: Plenum Press, 1972), pp. 17–30.
  4. . Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement, ed. R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1952), chap. 65.
  5. . Ibid., chap. 66; see also C. U. M. Smith, The Problem of Life (London: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 223–29.
  6. . Efforts to reduce laws of nature to laws of mind begin as far back as Pythagoras. For a philosophical discussion see Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution, trans. A. Mitchell (New York: Modern Library, 1944), pp. 230–40.
  7. . See, e.g., Giorgio de Santillana, The Origins of Scientific Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 141–67.
  8. . See, e.g., Bergson.
  9. . Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Vintage Books, 1971).
  10. . See, e.g., David Bohm, Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), pp. 20–25.
  11. . Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe, trans. R. E. Latham (Baltimore‐ Penguin Books, 1951), p. 197.
  12. . De Santillana, p. 155.
  13. . Marjorie Grene, The Knottier and the Known (London: Faber & Faber, 1966) PD 185–201.
  14. . E. A. Burtt, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science (Garden City, N.Y.‐Doubleday & Co., 1932), pp. 98–104.
  15. . Aristotle Physics 198a.
  16. . Aristotle Metaphysics 5.2. 1013a 24‐1014a 25; see also de Santillana (n. 7 above) pp. 214–16.
  17. . Aristotle Physics 198b.
  18. . Lewis Mumford, The Myth of the Machine (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967)
  19. . Soren Lovtrup,“On the Falsifiability of Neo‐Darwinistn,” Evolutionary Theory 1 (1976): 267–83.
  20. . See, e.g., Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (London: Allen & Unwin, 1942).
  21. . See, e.g., Milic Capek, The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary Physics (New York: Van Nostrand‐Reinhold, 1961), pp. 121–34.
  22. . P. C. W. Davies,“Cosmological Aspects of Irreversibility,” in Entropy and Information in Science and Philosophy, ed. L. Kubat and J. Zeman (New York: American Elsevier, 1975), p. 13.
  23. . See, e.g., I. Prigogine, G. Nicolis, and A. Babloyantz,“The Thermo‐Dynamics of Evolution,” Physics Today 25 (1972): 23–28; Simon Black,“On Thermodynamics of Evolution,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 21 (1978): 348–56; Harold Morowitz,“The Physical Foundations of Prebiotic Evolution,” Biology and the Physical Sciences, ed. S. Devons (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), pp. 324–34.
  24. . See my “Entropy and Evolution: A Philosophical Review,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 22 (1979): 285–300.
  25. . De Santillana (n. 7 above), p. 120.
  26. . Ibid., pp. 107–28.
  27. . Herbert Spencer, First Principles (London: Watts & Co., 1937), pp. 291, 438.
  28. . See my “The Generation of Complexity in Evolution: A Thermodynamic and Information‐Theoretical Discussion,” in Journal of Theoretical Biology 77 (1979): 349–65.
  29. . Morowitz (n. 23 above).
  30. . A. Zotin, Thermodynamics of Developmental Biology (New York: S. Krager, 1972); H. J. Hamilton,“A Thermodynamic Theory of the Origin and Hierarchical Evolution of Living Systems,” Zygon 12 (December 1977): 289–335.
  31. . Wicken (n. 28 above).
  32. . Hamilton (n. 30 above).
  33. . Ilya Prigogine, Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1955); Zotin; Hamilton.
  34. . See, e.g., Hans Kuhn,“Self‐Organization of Molecular Systems and the Evolution of the Genetic Apparatus,” Angewandte Chemie, The International Edition in English 1 1 (1972): 798–820; Simon Black,“A Theory on the Origin of Life,” in Advances in En‐zymology, vol. 38, ed. A. Meister (New York: Academic Press, 1973), pp. 193–234; Manfred Eigen,“Self‐organization of Matter and the Evolution of Biological Macromolecules,” Naturwissenshaften 58 (1971): 465–523.
  35. . T.Waehneldt and S.Fox, “The Binding of Basic Proteinoids with Organismic or Thermally Synthesized Polynucleotides,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  160 (1968): 239–45; C. Saxinger and C. Ponnamperuma, “Interactions Between Amino Acids and Nucleotides in the Prebiotic Milieu,” Origins of Life 5 (1974): 189–200.
  36. . A. J.Lotka, “Contribution to the Energetics of Evolution,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  8 (1922): 147–55.
  37. . Hamilton (n. 30 above).
  38. . For a discussion of the general application of this principle to social issues as well see Howard T. Odum,“The Ecosystem, Energy, and Human Values,” Zygon 12 (June 1977): 109–33.
  39. . Morowitz (n. 23 above).