Notes

  1. . Charles Percy Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
  2. . Sidney Mead, The Lively Experiment: The Shaping of Christianity in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), pp. 55–71.
  3. . Gregory Bateson, Step to an Ecology of Mind (New York: Random House, Ballantine Books, 1975), p. 381.
  4. . Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 25.
  5. . For a comprehensive and readable account of related matters. see George Edgin Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
  6. . This interpretation of genetic selection of the motivational mechanisms in the brain is widespread in the sciences, with diverse routes to it. See for instance MichelCabanac, “Physiological Role of Pleasure,” Science  173 (September 17, 1971): 1103–7. See also Charles J. Lumsden and Edward O. Wilson, Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), who have posited the operation of environmental reinforcers of epigenetic development that establish regularities or rules whereby genetic information is translated through a series of behavioral consequences in the central nervous system to establish preferences of various kinds, from which follow individual response patterns and hence certain cultural patterns. The relation of selection in genes to selection of epigenetic structures is newly elaborated and stressed in Lumsden and Wilson but was also noted earlier by such investigators as Pugh (see n. 5). See also B. F.Skinner's somewhat different emphasis on a similar process in his “Selection by Consequences,” Science  213 (July 31, 1981): 501–4, which is a recent follow–up of an interpretation he has been developing for a long time; see his “The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior,” Science  93 (September 9, 1966): 1205–13,
  7. . Romans 7:19.
  8. . For a discussion of the symbiotic relationship between two kinds of organism that constitute a human being, one based on genetic information and one based on cultural information, see Ralph Wendell Burhoe, “Religion's Role in Human Evolution: The Missing Link between Ape‐Man's Selfish Genes and Civilized Altruism,” Zygon 14 (June 1979): 139–48; reprinted in Ralph Wendell Burhoe, Toward a Scientific Theology (Belfast: Christian Journals Limited, 1981— in the United States, available through the Zygon editorial office), pp. 206–17.
  9. . J.Bronowski, “New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity: Stratified Stability and Unbounded Plans,” Zygon  5 (March 1970): 18–25.
  10. . Burhoe, “Religion's Role,” in Zygon  , p. 143, in Scientific Theology, pp. 210–11.
  11. . For a scientifically up‐to‐date analysis of three levels of the brain—reptilian, old mammalian, and neocortex‐see Paul D. MacLean, “Evolution of the Psychencephalon,” in this issue.
  12. . Julian Huxley. “The Uniqueness of Man,” in Man in the Modem World (New York: hew American Library, Mentor Book, 1948).
  13. . Alfred E.Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution,” Zygon  3 (June 1968): –68, esp. 140–43.