Notes

  1. . See Carl Sagan, Cosmos (New York: Random House, 1980).
  2. . D. Ferrier, The Functions of the Brain (London: Smith, Elder, 1876).
  3. . Paul D. MacLean, “The Triune Brain, Emotion, and Scientific Bias,” in The Neurosciences Second Study Program, ed. F. O. Schmitt (New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1970), pp. 336–49; idem., “A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior,” in The Hincks Memorial Lectures, ed. T. Boag and D. Campbell (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), pp. 6–66.
  4. . For localization of serotonin see M. K.Paasonen and M.Vogt, “The Effect of Drugs on the Amounts of Substance P and 5‐Hydroxytryptamine in Mammalian Brain,” Journal of Physiology  131 (1956): 617–26; and M. K.Paasonen, P. D.MacLean, and N. J.Giarman, “5‐Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin, Enteramine) Content of Structures of the Limbic System,” Journal of Nerochemistry  1 (1957): 326–33. Apropos of the opiate receptors and endorphins see C. B.Pert and S. H.Snyder, “Opiate Receptor: Demonstration in Nervous Tissue,” Science  179 (1973): 1011–14.
  5. . MacLean, “A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior.”
  6. . E. C. Crosby, T. Humphrey, and E. W. Lauer, Correlative Anatomy of the Neruous System (New York: Macmillan, 1962).
  7. . E. H.Colbert, “Antarctic Fossils and the Reconstruction of Gondwanaland,” Natural History  81 (1972): 66–73.
  8. . Robert Broom, The Mammal‐Like Reptiles of South Africa and the Origin Mammals (London: H. F. and G. Witherby, 1932), p. 308.
  9. . W.Auffenberg, “Komodo Dragons,” Natural History  81 (1972): 52–59.
  10. . J. D.Newman and P. D.MacLean, “Effects of Tegmental Lesions on the Isolation Call of Squirrel Monkeys,” Brain Research  232 (1982): 317–29.
  11. . See, e.g., A. S. Romer, Vertebrate Paleontology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), p. 85.
  12. . E. H. Colbert, Evolution of the Vertebrates (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).
  13. . P. D.MacLean, “On the Evolution of Three Mentalities,” Man-Environment Systems  5 (1975): 213–24; reprinted in New Dimensions in Psychiatry: A World View, ed. S. Arieti and G. Chrzanowski, vol. 2 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977), pp. 305–28; and in Human Evolution, Biosocial Perspectives, ed. S. L. Washburn and E. R. McCown, Perspectives on Human Evolution, vol. 4 (Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Go., 1978), pp. 32–57; P. D. MacLean, “An Evolutionary Approach to Brain Research on Prosematic (nonverbal) Behavior,” in Reproductive Behavior and Evolution, ed. J, S. Rosenblatt and B. R. Komisaruk (New York: Plenum Press, 1977), pp. 137–64.
  14. . MacLean, “On the Evolution of Three Mentalities.”
  15. . B.Greenberg and G. K.Noble, “Social Behavior of the American Chameleon (Anolis carolinensis Voigt),” Physiological Zoology  14 (1944): 392–439.
  16. . N.Greenberg, P. D.MacLean, and J. L.Ferguson, “Role of the Paleostriatum in Species‐typical Display Behavior of the Lizard (Anolis carolinensis),” Brain Research  172 (1979): 229–41.
  17. . P. D.MacLean, “Role of Pallidal Projections in Species‐typical Display Behavior of Squirrel Monkey,” Transactions American Neurological Association  100 (1975): 29–32; idem., “Effects of Lesions of Globus Pallidus on Species‐typical Display Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys,” Brain Research  149 (1978): 175–96; idem., “Role of Trans–hypothalamic Pathways in Social Communication,” in Handbook of the Hypothalamus, ed. P. Morgane and J. Panksepp, vol. 3 (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1981), pp. 259–87.
  18. . MacLean, “On the Evolution of Three Mentalities.”
  19. . See, e.g., N. Miller and J. Dollard, Social Learning and Imitation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941); A. Montagu, The Biosocial Nature of Man (New York: Grove Press, 1956).
  20. . Montagu.
  21. . S. A. Barnett, A Study in Behaviour (London: Methuen & Co., 1963), p. 87.
  22. . Dian Fossey, “The Behavior of the Mountain Gorilla,” Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, 1976.
  23. . Jane Van Lawick‐Goodall, In the Shadow of Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1971).
  24. . P.Broca, “Anatomie Comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales. Le Grand Lobe Limbique et la Scissure Limbique dans la Serie des Mammiferes,” Revue Anthropologie  1, Ser. 2 (1878): 385–498.
  25. . P. D.MacLean, “Some Psychiatric Implications of Physiological Studies on Frontotemporal Portion of Limbic System (Visceral Brain),” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology  4 (1952): 407–18.
  26. . MacLean, “A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior,” (n. 3 above).
  27. . See, e.g., W. E. LeGrosClark and M.Meyer, “Anatomical Relationships between the Cerebral Cortex and the Hypothalamus,” British Medical Bulletin  6 (1950): 341–44.
  28. . P. D.MacLean and D. W.Ploog, “Cerebral Representation of Penile Erection,” Journal of Neurophysiology  25 (1962): 29–55.
  29. . On this division in maternal behavior see J. S.Stamm, “The Function of the Median Cerebral Cortex in Maternal Behavior of Rats,” Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology  48 (1955): 347–56; B. M.Slotnick, “Disturbances of Maternal Behavior in the Rat Following Lesions of the Cingulate Cortex,” Behaviour  24 (1967): 204–36; M. R.Murphy, P. D.MacLean, and S. C.Hamilton, “Species‐typical Behavior of Hamsters Deprived from Birth of the Neocortex,” Science  213 (1981): 459–61.
  30. . MacLean, “Triune Brain, Emotion, and Scientific Bias,” (n. 3 above).
  31. . MacLean, “On the Evolution of Three Mentalities,” (n. 13 above).
  32. . M. R.Murphy, P. D.MacLean, and S. C.Hamilton, “Species‐typical Behavior of Hamsters Deprived from Birth of the Neocortex,” Science  213 (1981): 459–61.
  33. . Ibid.
  34. . See, e.g., S.Coren and C.Porac, “Fifty Centuries of Right‐handedness: The Historical Record,” Science  198 (1977): 631–32.
  35. . P. D. MacLean, “A Mind of Three Minds: Educating the Triune Brain,” Seventy‐seventh Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 308–42; R. A. Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link (Philadelphia: Institutes Press, The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential, 1959).
  36. . MacLean, “A Mind of Three Minds.”
  37. . Ibid.
  38. . W.Penfield and B.Milner, “Memory Deficit Produced by Bilateral Lesions in the Hippocampal Zone,” American Medical Association Archives of Neurological Psychiatry  79 (1958): 475–97; B.Milner, S.Corkin, and H.‐L.Teuber, “Further Analysis of the Hippocampal Amnesic Syndrome: 14‐year Follow‐up Study of H. M.,” Neuropsychologia  6 (1968): 215–34.
  39. . Newman and MacLean (n. 10 above).
  40. . U.Jurgens and D.Ploog, “Cerebral Representation of Vocalization in the Squirrel Monkey,” Experimental Brain Research  10 (1970): 532–54.
  41. . W. Penfield and H. Jasper, Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1954).
  42. . L. Hogben, Mathematics for the Million (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1937).
  43. . R. A.Hallowitz and P. D.MacLean, “Effects of Vagal Volleys on Units of Intralaminar and Juxtalaminar Thalamic Nuclei in Monkeys,” Brain Research  130 (1977): 271–86.
  44. . J. B. Calhoun, “Space and the Strategy of Life,” in Behavior and Environment, ed. A. H. Esser (New York: Plenum Press, 1971), pp. 329–87.
  45. . Garrett Hardin, “Discriminating Altruisms,” in this issue.