Notes

  1. . These three facets are drawn from Erik Erikson's work on identity, but especially from his analysis of the origins of psychoanalysis in Freud's person and work. See Erik Erikson, The First Psychoanalyst, in Benjamin Nelson (ed.), Freud in the 20th Century (New York: Meridian Books, 1957).
  2. . Of the many names that come to mind, I am alluding primarily to James, Starbuck, Coe, Leuba, and Hall. See William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1903); E. D. Starbuck, Psychology of Religion (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903); G. A. Coe, The Psychology of Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1916); J. H. Leuba, A Psychological Study of Religion (New York: Macmillan Co., 1912); and G. S. Hall, Adolescence (2 vols.; New York: D. Appleton, 1904). See also The Journal of Religious Psychology, including Its Anthropological and Sociological Aspects, published during 1904–16. For a collection of readings, see Orlo Strunk (ed.), Readings in the Psychology of Religion (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1959). For a review discussion of this group and their approach see Seward Hiltner, The Psychological Understanding of Religion, in Strunk (ed.), op. cit., and Paul Pruyser, Some Trends in the Psychology of Religion, Journal of Religion, XL, No. 2 (April, 1960), 113–29.
  3. . John B. Watson, Behaviorism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930), pp. 303–4.
  4. . This reference is to what is sometimes called the American School of pastoral psychology. See, e.g., Carroll Wise, Pastoral Counseling: Its Theory and Practice (New York: Harper & Bros., 1951); Wayne Oates, The Christian Pastor (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1951); Seward Hiltner, Pastoral Counseling (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1959); and Paul Johnson, The Psychology of Pastoral Care (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1953).
  5. . The work of Carroll Wise and Paul Johnson is illustrative.
  6. . ‘For an especially apt illustration of this general description, see Knox Kreutzer, Some Observations on Approaches to the Theology of Psychotherapeutic Experience,’ Journal of Pastoral Care, XIII (1959), 197–208.
  7. . This third model comprises what is often covered by the rubric Protestant theological existentialism. However, the specific figures in question from whose works these generalizations are drawn are Barth, Brunner, Tillich, and Reinhold Niebuhr. See John B. Cobb, Jr., Living Options in Protestant Theology (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962), or Edward Farley, The Transcendence of God (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960).
  8. . Specific references are made below.
  9. . For a concise and thorough discussion of this interpretation of Freud's notion of transference, see Heinz Kohut and Philip F. D. Seitz, Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality, in Joseph M. Wepman and Ralph Heine (eds.), Concepts of Personality (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1963).
  10. . Psychoanalysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister, ed. Heinrich Meng and Ernst L. Freud, trans. Eric Mosbacker (New York: Basic Books, 1963), pp. 125–26.
  11. . Paul Tillich, The Courage To Be (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1952). See especially chap. vi, Courage and Transcendence.
  12. . See, e.g., Tillich's own response to my discussion of this point in Journal of Religion  , XLVI, No. 1, Part II (January, 1966), 194–96.
  13. . See Paul Tillich, The Transmoral Conscience, The Protestant Era, trans. James Luther Adams (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948).
  14. . For an interesting and dissident discussion of this interpretation of conscience in the West, see KristerStendal, “The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West,” Haruard Theological Review  , LVI, No. 3 (July, 1963), 199–215.
  15. . See Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1936–62), I, Part I (1936), 438; I, Part II (1956), 280–97; II, Part I (1957), 13–23. 56, 61; III, Part II (1960), 22–27. See also his Prayer: According to the Catechisms of the Reformation, trans. Sara Terrien (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1952), p. 36. These references point to key passages and are not intended to be exhaustive. For further discussion of the subject‐object relation and the place of psychology in Barth, see James Brown, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Buber and Barth: Subject and Object in Modern Theology (New York: Collier Books, 1962).
  16. . For one of the most concise statements of this point of view in Protestant theological thought, see Emil Brunner's essay, Biblical Psychology, God and Man: Four Essays on the Nature of Personality, trans. David Cairns (London: SCM Press, 1936). See also his Truth as Encounter (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1964), esp. pp. 78–83, 111–18. For a discussion of this aspect of Brunner's thought, see FredBerthold, Jr., Objectivity in Personal Encounter, Journal of Religion  , XLV, No. 1 (January, 1963). 39–47.
  17. . See Reinhold Niebuhr, The Self and the Dramas of History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1955), pp. 127–44; The Tyranny of Science, Theology Today, X (January, 1954), 464–73; or The Truth in Myths, in Julius S. Bixler, R. L. Calhoun, and H. R. Niebuhr (eds.), The Nature of Religious Experience, Essays in Honor of D. C. MacIntosh (New York: Harper & Bros., 1937). For a discussion of Bultmann's thought, indicating that his methodological sympathies also lie in this direction, see SchubertOgden, Myth and Truth, McCormick Quarterly  , XVIII (1965). 57–76.
  18. . Gordon Allport, Pattern and Growth in Personality (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961), chap. x, and Becoming (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1955), pp. 28–57.
  19. . Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper & Row, 1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1962). In the latter see especially chap. xiii, Health as Transcendence of Environment, and the discussion of generic guilt in chap. xiv.
  20. . Carl Rogers, Client‐centered Therapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1951) and On Becoming a Person (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1961).
  21. . See John M. Butler and Laura N. Rice, Adience, Self‐Actualization and Drive Theory, in Wepman and Heine (eds.), op. cit.
  22. Erik Erikson, Identity and the Life Cycle (Psychological Issues [New York: International Universities Press, 1959]) and Insight and Responsibility (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1964).
  23. . The work of Helen M. Lynd, Allen Wheelis, and Erich Fromm uld also be adduced in support of this point, since each attempts in his own way a critique of the superego in order to set forth more clearly his own reconstructive psychology of the self.
  24. . This point is the burden of much of Philip Rieffs sociological discussion of Freud. See The Triumph of the Therapeutic: The Uses of Faith after Freud (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). The familiar motif of the modern self, isolated by the absence of authentic images of social engagement and consequently thrown back upon its own inwardness, that characterizes much imaginative literature is not entirely unrelated to this problem. For a theological discussion of this motif see Nathan A. Scott, Society and Self in Recent American Literature, The Broken Center: Studies in the Theological Horizon of Modern Literature (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966).
  25. . William F. Lynch, Images of Hope: Imagination as Healer of the Hopeless (Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1965).
  26. . Paul Tillich, Existentialism and Psychotherapy, in Hendrik M. Ruitenbeck (ed.), Psychoanalysis and Existential Philosophy (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1962).
  27. . See, e.g., Samuel J. Beck et al., Rorschach's Test: I. Basic Processes (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1961). chap. x.
  28. . See Alfred Adler, The Problem of Distance, The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology (New Haven, Conn.: Harcourt, 1924).
  29. . For a discussion of this problem from the point of view of religious existentialism, see Martin Buber, Distance and Relation, Knowledge of Man, trans. Maurice Friedman and Ronald Gregor Smith (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).
  30. . See Paul Tillich, Two Types of Philosophy of Religion, in Robert C. Kimball (ed.), Theology of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959).