Notes

1. . This paper is an expansion and revision of chapter x in Goals of Economic Life (New York: Harper & Bros., 1953), reproduced here with the permission of the publisher. This book resulted from conferences of a study committee of the Federal Council of Churches under the chairmanship of A. D. Ward. I am obligated to this group for critical discussion and to the conference group on the Unified Theory of Human Nature under the chairmanship of Dr. Roy Grinker, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago. I also owe much of my thinking on this subject to my long personal friendships with W. C. Allee and Ralph W. Gerard.—From Scientific Monthly footnote.
2. . R. W.Gerard, Scientific Monthly  , L (1940), 340, 403; and Philosophy of Science  , IX (1942), 92.
3. . L. Garvin, A Modern Introduction to Ethics(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1953).
4. . G. G. Simpson, The Meaning of Evolution (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1949).
5. . F. S. C. Northrop, “Cultural Values,” in A. L. Kroeber (ed.), Anthropology Today(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), p. 682.
6. . D. Bidney, “The Concept of Value in Modern Anthropology,” in Kroeber, op. cit.
7. . W. C.Allee, Science  , XCVII (1943), 517; Cooperation among Animals (New York: Schuman, 1951).
8. . A. E.Emerson, Ecological Monographs  , VIII (1938), 247.
9. . A. E. Emerson, Colloq. intern. centre nat. recherche sci. (Paris), No. 34 (1952); R. W.Gerard and A. E.Emerson, Science  , CI (1945), 582.
10. . J. S.Huxley, Scientific Monthly  , L (1940), 5.
11. . J. H. Steward, “Evolution and Process,” in Kroeber, op. cit., p. 313.
12. . Simpson, op. cit.
13. . T. C.Schneirla, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology  , XL (1946). 385.
14. . Emerson, Colloq. intern. centre nat. recherche sci. (see n. 9 above).
15. . W.B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton & Co.,1932);Science, XCIII (1941), 1.
16. . Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body
17. . R. W.Gerard, Common Cause  , III (1950630.
18. . Emerson, Colloq. intern. centre nat. recherche sci.; Biological Symposia  , VIII (1942), 163.
19. . W. C. Allee et al., Principles of Animal Ecology(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1Y4Y).
20. . Ibid.
21. . A.L. Kroeber, Anthropology (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948).
22. . Allee, Cooperation among Animals(see n. 7 above).
23. . S. J. Holmes, Life and Morals (New York: Macmillan Co., 1948).
24. . Schneirla, op. cit.
25. . Allee, Cooperation among Animals.
26. . V. G. Childe, Social Evolution (New York: Schuman, 1951).
27. . Kroeber, Anthropology.
28. . Garvin, op. cit.
29. . J. C. Flügel, Man, Morals and Society (London: Gerald A. Duckworth & Co., 1945).
30. . T. H. Huxley and J. S. Huxley, Touchstone for Ethics (New York: Harper & Bros., 1947).
31. . T. Burrow, Science and Man's Behavior (New York: Philosophical Library, 1953).
32. . Simpson, op. cit.
33. . Emerson, Colloq. intern. centre nat. recherche sci.; Gerard and Emerson, op. cit. 
34. . Emerson, Biological Symposia.
35. . A. E.Emerson, Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences  , XXXIX(1946), 9.
36. . Allee et al., op. cit.
37. . Huxley and Huxley, op. cit.
38. . J. G. D. Clark, Prehistoric Europe. The Economic Basis London: Methuen & Co., 1952).
39. . Burrow, op. cit.
40. . Allee, Science; Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body;Cannon Science; Gerard, Common Cause; Burrow, op. cit.
41. . D. Snygg, “The Psychological Basis of Human Values,” in A. D. Ward (ed.). Goals of Economic Life (New York: Harper & Bros., 1953), p. 335.
42. . Simpson, op. cit.
43. . Ibid.; Huxley and Huxley, op. cit.; Schneirla, op. cit.
44. . Emerson, Colloq. intern. centre nat. recherche sci.; Allee et al. 0p. cit.
45. . Northrop, op. cit. Steward, op. cit.; Childe. op. cit.
46. . Schneirla. 0p. cit.
47. . C. H. Waddington et al., Science and Ethics (London: Allen & Unwin,1942).
48. . Since 1953 there has been an increasing literature that continues to illuminate biological and cultural evolutionary processes as the source of human values in ways which in general seem to confirm and extend the concepts of this paper, although there are dissidents. The author and editor suggest that the following might be included in a list of this literature:
49. Asimov, Isaac.Life and Energy. New York Doubleday & Co., 1962 (also in Bantam paperback).
50. Bakan, David. Disease, Pain and Suffering. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.
51. Barringer, H. R., Blanksten, G. I., Mack, R. W. (eds.).social Changes in Developing Areas, a Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1965.
52. Birch, L. C.Nature and God. London: S.C.M. Press, 1965.
53. Blum, H. F.Time's Arrow and Evolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955.
54. Boulding, Kenneth E. The Meaning of the 20th Century. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.
55. Bronowski, J.Science and Human Values. New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1956 (Harper Torchbook).
56. Darlington, C. D.The Facts of Life. New York: Macmillan Co.,1956.
57. Dobzhansky, Theodosius.The Biology of Ultimate Concern. New York: New American Library, 1967.
58. Dobzhansky, Theodosius.Mankind Evolving, the Evolution of the Human Species. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962.
59. Dubos, René. Man Adapting. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966.
60. Eiseley, Loren.The Immense Journey. New York: Random House, 1946.
61. Emerson, A. E.The Impact of Darwin on Biology,” Acta Biotheoretica  , XV (1962), 175–216.
62. Emerson, A. E.Regenerative Behavior and Social Homeostasis of Termites,” Ecology  , XXXVII (1956), 248–58.
63. Etkin, William. Social Behavior from Fish to Man. With a chapter by Daniel G. Freed‐ man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968 (Phoenix paperback).
64. Glass, Bentley. Science and Ethical Values. Durham: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
65. Glass, H. Bentley. The Ethical Basis of Science,” Science  , CL (1965), 1254–61.
66. Grinker, Roy R., and Hughes, Helen MacGill (eds.).Toward a Unified Theory of Human Behavior. New York: Basic Books, 1956.
67. Hardin, Garrett.Nature and Man's Fate. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1959. Herrick, C. J. The Evolution of Human Nature. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1956.
68. Hoagland, Hudson, and Burhoe, Ralph W. (eds.).Evolution and Man's Progress. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
69. Huxley, Julian. Psychometabolism: General and Lorenzian,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine  , VII (1964), 399–432.
70. Langer, Suzanne K.Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.
71. Mayr, Emst. Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.
72. Medawar, P. B.The Future of Man. New York: Basic Books, 1960.
73. Montagu, M. F. Ashley (ed.).Culture and the Evolution of Man. New York: Oxford University Press,1962 (Galaxy Book).
74. Platt, John R. (ed.).New Views of the Nature of Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
75. Rensch, B.Evolution above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
76. Roe, Anne, and Simpson, George Gaylord (eds.).Behavior and Evolution. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958.
77. Scott, John Paul.Animal Behavior. Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday & Co., 1963 (Anchor Books).
78. Shapley, Harlow.Science Ponders Religion. New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, Inc., 1960.
79. Simpson, G. G.Naturalistic Ethics and the Social Sciences,” American Psychologist  , XXI (1966), 27–36.
80. Simpson, George Gaylord.This View of Life, the World of an Evolutionist. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World,1963.
81. Spuhler, J. H. (ed.).The Evolution of Man's Capacity for Culture. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1959.
82. Tax, Sol (ed.). Evolution after Danuin. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
83. Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre. The Phenomenon of Man. New York: Harper & Bros., 1955.
84. Thompson, Laura. Steps toward a Unified Anthropology,” Current Anthropology  , VIII (1967), 67–91.
85. Thorpe, W. H.Science, Man and Morals. Ithaca. N.Y.: Cornell ‘University Press, 1966.
86. Tinbergen, N.Social Behavior in Animals. London: Methuen & Co., 1953.
87. Waddington, C. H.The Ethical Animal. New York: Atheneum Press, 1961.
88. Waddington, C. H.The Nature of Life. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962.
89. Waddington, C. H.New Patterns of Genetics and Development. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
90. Wald, George, ”The Origins of Life,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  , LII (August 1964), 595–611.
91. Washburn, S. L.Social Life of Early Man. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1961.
92. Wolstenholme, G. (ed.). Man and His Future. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
93. Wooldridge, Dean E.Mechanical Man, the Physical Basis of Intelligent Life. New York McGraw‐Hill Book Co., 1968.
94. Young, J. Z. A Model of the Brain. London: Oxford University Press, 1964.