'Awad, 'Abd al‐Rahmān al‐, and AhimadAl‐Jund. 1997. Ru'ya Isliāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu' sira (Islamic vision of some medical practices). Kuwait : Al‐Munaziziama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

'Awadi, Sadqa al‐. 1997. “Al‐Istinsākh (al‐klūna).  ” In Ru'ya Isliāmiyya li ba'd ial‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsira, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahimān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 161–73. Kuwait : Al‐Munazziiama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Abū Ghudda, 'Abd al‐Sattār.2003. Al‐Istinsākh min al‐zawjayn wa al‐ahkām allat tatarattab 'alā dhālik (Cloning from a married couple and the ensuing rulings)  . Paper submitted to the tenth session of the the European Council for Fatwa and Research. http://www.e‐cfr.org/ar/.

Al Fadhli, Suad, AbdulmutalibBehbehani, AlaaElshafey, and SidkyAbdelmoaty. 2008. “Molecular and Clinical Evaluation of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Kuwait.American Journal of Ophthalmology  141 (3): 512–512.

Alf, 'Umar. 1997. “Al‐Istinsākh al‐bashaf : Al‐Jawānib al‐'ilmiyya li al‐maudū' wa āfāquh” (Human cloning: Scientific dimensions and future perspectives)  . In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 117–25. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Alfi, Omar S., George N.Donnell, and AnnaDerencsenyi. 1971. “Quinacrine fluoromicros‐copy in the identification of human mitotic chromosomes.Pediatrics  48 (3): 423–423.

Ashqar, Muhammad al‐. 1997. “Al‐Istinsākh fi māzān al‐shaf 'a al‐Islāmiyya” (Cloning within the perspective of the Islamic Shaf 'a)  . In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba 'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 316–49. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Awadi, S. A. Al‐, M. A.Moussa, K. K.Naghuib, and T. I.Farag. 1985. “Consanguinity among the Kuwaiti population.Clinical Genetics  27 (5): 483–483.

Awadi, S. A. A1‐, K. K.Naguib, M. A.Moussa, and T. I.Farag. 1986. “The effect of consanguineous marriages on reproductive wastage.Clinical Genetics  29 (5): 384–384.

Banchoff, Thomas, ed. 2008. Religious Pluralism, Globalization, and World Politics. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Callahan, Daniel. 2001. “Cloning, Then and Now.  ” In The Cloning Source Book, ed. ArleneJudith Klotzko, 104–8. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Clark, Ronald. 1968. J. B. S: The Life and Work of J. B. S. Haldane. London : Hodder & Stoughton.

Eich, Thomas. 2006. “The Debate on Human Cloning among Muslim Religious Scholars since 1997.  ” In Cross‐Cultural Issues in Bioethics: The Example of Cloning, ed. HeinerRoetz, 291–309. Amsterdam : Rodopi.

Frey, R. G., and ChristopherWellman, eds. 2003. A Companion to Applied Ethics. Maiden , Mass. : Blackwell.

Giberson, Karl. 2008. Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution. New York : HarperCollins.

Gindi, Ahmad al‐, ed. 1989. Human Reproduction in Islam. Kuwait : Islamic Organization of Medical Sciences.

Glausiusz, Josie. 1999. “Artificial Twinning Is Not Cloning.  ” In Cloning: For and Against, ed. M. L.Rantala and Arthur J.Milgram, 28–30. Chicago : Open Court.

Hathūt, Hassān. 1997a. “Istinsākh al‐bashar” (Cloning humans)  . In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 75–89. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Hathūt, Hassān. 1997b. “Al‐Istinsākh wa ‘al‐ara'aytiyyūn’” (Cloning and the hypothesizers)  . In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 91–100. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Hawwār, Muhammad. 2003. “Al‐Istinsākh al‐bashar bayn al‐thawra al‐'ilmiyya wa al‐dawābit al‐akhāliqiyya wa al‐fiqhiyya” (Human cloning between the scientific revolution and the ethical and juristic criteria). Scientific Review of the European Council for Fatwa and Research  3:209–54.

Hayani, Fatima Agha al‐. 2008. “Biomedical Ethics: Muslim Perspectives on Stem Cell Research and Cloning.Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science  43:783–95.

Idrs, Mus'ab al‐Khayr al‐. 2008. Al‐Ustādh al‐dukt r Hasan Mahmūd 'Abd al‐Lat f al‐Shāf shaykhan (Prof. Dr. Hasan Mahmoud Abd al‐Latif as‐Shafi'i as Shaykh)  . http://www.aslein.net/showthread.php?p=57505.

Iqbāl, Muzaffar. 2007. Science and Islam. Westport : Greenwood.

Jenkins, Edmund C., W.Ted Brown, Miriam G.Wilson, and Ming S.Lin. 1985. “The prenatal detection of the fragile X chromosome: Review of recent experience.American Journal of Medical Genetics  23:1–2, 297–311.

Jund, Ahmad al‐. 1997a. “Al‐Istinsākh al‐bashar bayn al‐iqdām wa al‐ihjām” (Human cloning between boldness and refrainment)  . In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 127–55. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Jund, Ahmad al‐. 1997b. “Al‐Istinisākh al‐bashar bayn al‐iqdām wa al‐ihjām.  Majallat Majma' al‐Fiqh al‐Islām 10 (3): 235–69. Jeddah : International Islamic Fiqh Academy.

Kass, Leon, and JamesWilson. 1998. The Ethics of Human Cloning. Washington , D.C. : American Enterprise Institute Press.

Kolata, G.1993. “Scientists Clone Human Embryos, and Create an Ethical Challenge.  New York Times  (24 October), A1–A22.

Koningsveld, P. S.2006. “The Significance of Fatwas for Muslims in Europe.Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift  60 (3): 208–208.

Kurayyim, Sālih al‐. 1997. “Al‐istinsākh: taqniyya, fawā'id wa makhātir” (Cloning: technology, benefits and risks)  . Majallat Majma' al‐Fiqh al‐Islām 10 (3) 271–311. Jeddah : International Islamic Fiqh Academy.

Levey, Martin. 1967. “Medical ethics of medieval Islam with special reference to al‐Ruhāw 's ‘Practical ethics of the physician’.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society  57 (3): 1–1.

Lind, J.2008. “Als de imam beslist” (When the imam decides). Medisch Contact  63:42 (17 October), 1719–22.

Majallat Majma' al‐Fiqh al‐Islām . 1997. Jeddah: International Islamic Fiqh Academy  10 (3): 131–450.

Majlis al‐Urubb li al‐Iftā' wa al‐Buhūth, Al‐. 2002. Qarārāt wa fatāwā (Resolutions and fatwas). Cairo : Dār al‐Tawzū' wa al‐Nashr al‐Islāmiyya.

Mūfa'a, Sa'd. 2005. Al‐Mawsū'a al‐fiqhiyya li al‐ajinna wa al‐istinsākh al‐bashar (Juristic encyclopedia on embryos and human cloning). Alexandria : Dār al‐ mān.

Poland, Susan, and LauraBishop. 2002. “Bioethics and Cloning, Part I.Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal  12 (3): 305–305.

President's Council on Bioethics.2002. “Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry.  ” http://www.bioethics.gov.

Qaradāw, Yūsuf al‐. 1994. Al‐Ijtihād al‐mu'asir bayn al‐indibāt wa al‐infriāt. Cairo : Dār al‐ Nashr wa al‐Tawz ' al‐Islāmiyya.

Qarār, Al‐. 2003. “Hukm al‐istinsākh” (The religious ruling on cloning). Scientific Review of the European Council for Fatwa and Research  3:353–58.

Qarār al‐Awwal, Al‐. 1999. “Istifādat al Muslim n min 'ilm al‐Handasa al‐wirāthiyya” (Muslims benefiting from the genetic engineering)  . Majallat Majma' al‐Fiq al‐Islām 12:157–58. Mecca : The Muslim World League.

Ramadan, Tariq. 2009. Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation, Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press.

Roe, Thomas F., and Omar S.Alfi. 1977. “Ambiguous genitalia in XX male children: Report of two infants.Pediatrics  60:55–59.

Ruhāwi, Ishāq b. 'Al al‐. 1992. Adab al‐tab b. Murayzin Sa' d Murayzin 'As ri (ed.). al‐Riyaydh: Markaz al‐Malik Faysal li al‐Buhūt wa‐al‐Dirāsāt al‐Islāmiyya  .

Salām, Muhammad al‐. 1997. “Al‐Istinsākh.  Majallat Majma' al‐Fiqh al‐Islām . Jeddah : International Islamic Fiqh Academy10 (3): 137–61.

Shādhil, Hasan al‐. 1997. “Al‐Istinsākh: Haq qatuh, anwā'uh, hukm kull naw' fi al‐Fiqh al‐Islām .  Majallat Majma' al‐Fiqh al‐Islām . Jeddah : International Islamic Fiqh Academy10 (3): 165–213.

Shāfi, Hasan al‐. 1997. “Karāmat al‐insān wa makānatuh fi al‐kawn.  ” In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐mu'āsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐ Jund, 204–25. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Steinfels, Peter. 1991. “Dr. Joseph F. Fletcher, 86, Dies; Pioneer in Field of Medical Ethics.  The New York Times  (30 October), 25.

Taskhr, Muhammad al‐. 1997. Nazra fi al‐istinsākh wa Hukmuh al‐shar   . Majallat Majma' al‐Fiqh al‐Islām . Jeddah : International Islamic Fiqh Academy10 (3): 217–34.

Twair, McDonnell. 2008. “Dr. Hassan Hathout: A Survivor of the 1948 Nakba and the Siege of Ramle.  Washington Report on Middle East Affairs  (May–June), 26–27.

Wāsil, Nasr. 1997. Al‐Istinsākh al‐bashar wa ahkāmuh al‐tibbiyya wa al‐'amaliyya fi al‐shar 'a al‐islāmiyya  . In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐muāsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 412–64. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya. li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Watson, James. 1971. “Toward the Clonal Man: Is This What We Want?The Atlantic Monthly  228:50–53.

Yashyaw, Muhammad al‐. 1997. “Ilāayn tas r al‐taqniyyāt al‐byulūjiyya? Al‐Handasa al‐wirā thiyya wa al‐istinsākh namūdhajan.  ” In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐muāsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 101–16. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.

Yatm, Muhammad al‐. 1997. “Al‐Athār al‐ijtimā'iyya wa al‐akhlāqiyya li tatb q al‐istinsākh fi al‐majāl al‐bashar .  ” In Ru'ya Islāmiyya li ba'd al‐mushkilāt al‐tibbiyya al‐muāsra, ed. 'AbdAl‐Rahmān al‐'Awad and AhmadAl‐Jund, 227–42. Kuwait : Al‐Munazzama al‐Islāmiyya li al‐'Ulūm al‐Tibbiyya.