Notes

  1. . Karl R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Harper & Row, Torchbook, 1965; first American publication was by Basic Books, 1959), p. 111.
  2. . Clyde Kluckhohn, “The Scientific Study of Values and Contemporary Civilization,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 102 (1959): 469–76; republished in Zygon 1 (1966): 230–43. The pages cited in this text are those of the Zygon edition.
  3. . B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior (New York: Macmillan Co., 1953).
  4. . J. Bronowski, Science and Human Values (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1956); Theodosius Dobzhansky, Mankind Evolving: The Evolution of the Human Species (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962); William Etkin, Social Behavior from Fish to Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books, 1967); Bentley Glass, Science and Ethical Values (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965); Garrett Hardin, Nature and Man's Fate (New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston,1959); Sir Julian Huxley, Religion without Revelation (New York: Harper & Bros., 1957); Michael Lerner, Heredity, Evolution, and Society (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1968); R. B. Lindsay, The Role of Science in Civilization (New York: Harper & Row, 1963 [for his “Thermodynamic Imperative” see the last chapter]); Konrad Lorenz, Evolution and Modification of Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Henry Margenau, Ethics and Science (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964); George Gaylord Simpson, This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963); W. H. Thorpe, Science, Man, and Morals (Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966); C. H. Waddington, The Ethical Animal (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1961); A. F. C. Wallace, Religion: An Anthropological View (New York: Random House, 1966); Norbert Wiener, Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1950; Anchor Books, 1954); Dean E. Woodridge, Mechanical Man: The Basis of Intelligent Life (New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1968); J. Z. Young, The Model of the Brain (London: Oxford University Press, at the Clarendon Press, 1964).
  5. . See Hardin, n. 4.
  6. . Walter B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1932); Alfred E. Emerson, “Dynamic Homeostasis: A Unifying Principle in Organic, Social, and Ethical Evolution,” Zygon 3 (1968): 129–68.
  7. . Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1956). and Wiener.
  8. . See Wiener, n. 4.
  9. . See Cannon, n. 6.
  10. . James G.Miller, “The Organization of Life.Perspectives in Biology and Medicine  9 (1965): 107–25.
  11. . Kenneth E. Boulding, The Meaning of the 20th Century (New York Harper & Row, 1964). This is an excellent text on science and human social values, and at the same time it introduces (especially in its chapter on “The Entropy Trap”) the implications of entropy for social systems.
  12. . See Miller, n. 10.
  13. . Ralph WendellBurhoe, “Five Steps in the Evolution of Man's Knowledge of Good and Evil”, Zygon  2 (1967): 77–96.
  14. . There is a large literature but I cite here only a work of some years ago with which I am familiar and will serve as an introduction: Hudson Hoagland and Ralph Wendell Burhoe, eds., Evolution and Man's Progress (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962). See also Dobzhansky, n. 4 above.
  15. . Robert S.Morison, “Darwinism: Foundation for an Ethical System?Christianity and Crisis  , August, 1960; Zygon 1 (1966): 347–53.
  16. . See Skinner, n. 3, esp. p. 430.
  17. . Schrödinger, n. 4, p. 12.
  18. . See Wiener (n. 4), Schrödinger (n. 7), and Boulding (n. 11).
  19. . See Lindsay, n. 4.
  20. . Marvin Minsky, “Can Computers Evolve to Super–Human Levels before Man?” (unpublished transcription of paper presented at the 1968 summer conference of the Institute of Religion in an Age of Science).
  21. . Olaf Johannesson, The Tale of the Big Computer (New York: Coward‐Mc‐Cann, Inc., 1968). This is not a wild science fiction, but the carefully considered vision of physicist H. Alfvén writing under a pseudonym. There is, of course, a large literature on the potentialities of the computers, and the motion picture, 2001, has presented a very significant image of some of the value problems of humans and computers.
  22. . See Minsky, n. 20.
  23. . See Kluckhohn, n. 2.
  24. . Richard von Mises, Positivism: A Study in Human Understanding (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 332.
  25. . See Miller, n. 10.
  26. . Emerson, n. 6, esp. p. 157.
  27. . See Dobzhansky, n. 4, or almost any biological text for the essential role of death in evolutionary progress. For an excellent treatment of man's awareness of death, see Dobzhansky's “An Essay on Religion, Death, and Evolutionary Adaptation,” Zygon 1 (1966): 317–31.
  28. . See Emerson, n. 6.