Notes

  1. . The principal Polanyian ideas presented in this essay can be found in any of the following: Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post‐critical Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958; New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964); The Tacit Dimension (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1963); Knowing and Being, ed. Marjorie Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1969).
  2. . It is only fair here to record my belief that science has a closer relation to contemporary forms of Protestantism than to most other forms of religion.
  3. . I use here the term “marginal control” as found in The Tacit Dimension, p. 40, in contrast with the equivalent “boundary control” employed in Knowing and Being.
  4. . The one‐dimensional concept of “bits” currently used in information theory is scarcely capable of giving a quantitative answer to this question, but qualitative estimates are nevertheless significant.
  5. . Polanyi has pointed out that even if the Laplacean program were successful, it would not tell us anything about macroscopic objects, for the identification of which atoms belong to which object can only be made by use of structural principles not derivable from the Laplacean information (see Personal Knowledge, pp. 139–41).
  6. . W. T. Scott, Erwin Schrödinger: An Introduction to His Writings (Amherst: Uǹiversity of Massachusetts Press, 1967), p. 122.
  7. . J.Smagorinsky, “Problems and Promises of Deterministic Extended Range Forecasting,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society  50 (1969):266–311;E. N.Lorenz, “Three Approaches to Atmospheric Predictability,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society  501969:345–49.
  8. . ErnestW. Brown, “Theory of the Motion of the Moon,” Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society  53 (1889):39–116, 163–202; 54 (1900):1–63; 57 (1905): 1–145; 59 (1908):1–103. For a discussion of the principles underlying the theory, see D. Brouwer and G. M. Clemence, Methods of Celestial Mechanics (New York: Academic Press, 1961).
  9. . Erwin Schrödinger, What Is Life? reprinted together with Mind and Matter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967). See also Scott, pp. 127–31.
  10. . L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, trans. J. B. Sykes and W. H. Reid (Reading, Mass.: Addison‐Wesley Publishing Co., 1959). pp. 102–7.
  11. . See H. L.Davis, “Artificial Intelligence–a Long Way to Go,” Scientific Research  27 (October 1969):21–25.
  12. . James J. Gibson, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968).
  13. . It may be questioned whether the term “awareness” can reasonably be stretched to cover unconscious occurrences. However, consciousness is an awkward term to apply to things which we do not observe directly. Because Polanyi includes in the term “subsidiary” anything relied on for attending to something else, regardless of our degree of consciousness, his system has no way of limiting the word to cases in which we can affirm consciousness.
  14. . The term “tacit” is used by Polanyi, not in the sense of things we could articulate but do not, but in the sense of things to which the concept of speech does not apply.
  15. . See esp. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, pp. 300–303.
  16. . See the many references in Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, to rules of rightness.
  17. . The judgment itself is of course another achievement.
  18. . R. Semon, Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen
  19. . Schrödinger, Mind and Matter, p. 9.
  20. . As Polanyi has pointed out, even if we could imitate on a computer the generation of novelty, we could only recognize our success by comparing the output of a machine known to be deterministic with the behavior of an organism known to be creative (Personal Knowledge, pp, 261–63).
  21. . Ibid., pp. 120–31; M.Polanyi, “The Creative Imagination,” Psychological Issues 6, no. 2, monograph  22 (1969):60.
  22. . M. Polanyi, “The Body‐Mind Relation,” in Man and the Science of Man, ed. W. Coulson and C. Rogers (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1968). pp. 85–102; see also Polanyi, Knowing and Being, pp. 211–24, 238.
  23. . Christopher Longuet‐Higgins, “The Seat of the Soul,” in Towards a Theoretical Biology, ed. C. H. Waddington (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, in press), vol. 3.
  24. . John Ziman, Public Knowledge: The Social Dimension of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).
  25. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, chap. 7; Polanyi, “The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory,” in Knowing and Being, pp. 49–72.
  26. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, pp. 37479.
  27. . Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950).
  28. . Theologica Germanica, trans S. Winkworth (London: Macmillan & Co:, 1874, and later editions), also called Theologia Deutsch.
  29. . Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, chap. 13.
  30. . An earlier but considerably more detailed version of the material in this essay is contained in W. T.Scott,“ A Course in Science and Religion Following the Ideas of Michael Polanyi,” Christian Scholar  47 (Spring 1964):36–46.