Notes

  1. . Harley C. Shands, “Outline of a General Theory of Human Communication,” in Essays in Semiotics, ed. J. Kristeva, J. Rey‐Debove, D. J. Umiker (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1971), pp. 343–81.
  2. . P. D. MacLean, “The Triune Brain, Emotion, and Scientific Bias,” in The Neurosciences Second Study Program, ed. F. O. Schmitt (New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1970, pp. 336–49.
  3. . A. V.Juorio and M.Vogt, “Monoamines and Their Metabolites in the Avian Brain,” Journal of Physiology  189: (1967) 489–518.
  4. . H. E. Howard, An Introduction to the Study of Bird Behavior (Cambridge: University Press, 1929), p. 136.
  5. . For a lively, extensive review see Robert Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1966), p. 390; and also The Social Contract (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1970), p. 405.
  6. . Desmond Morris called my attention to this observation.
  7. . Richard W. G. Hingston, The Meaning of Animal Colour and Adornment (London: E. Arnold & Co., 1933), p. 405.
  8. . P. D.MacLean. New Findings Relevant to the Evolution of Psychosexual Functions of the Brain. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease  135: (1962) 289.
  9. . D. W.Ploog and P. D.MacLean. Display of Penile Erection in Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Animal Behavior  11: (1963) 32–39.
  10. . Ibid.
  11. . P. D.MacLean. Mirror Display in the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus. Science  146: (1964) 950–52.
  12. . P. D. MacLean.“Cerebral Evolution and Emotional Processes: New Findings on the Striatal Complex,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 193 (1972):137–49.
  13. . D. C. Gajdusek, “Physiological and Psychological Characteristics of Stone Age Man” (Symposium on Biological Bases of Human Behavior, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, April 1970), Engineering and Science 33 (1970): 26‐33, 56–62.
  14. . MacLean (n. 8 above).
  15. . MacLean (n. 11 above).
  16. . P. D.MacLean. Some Psychiatric Implications of Physiological Studies on Frontotemporal Portion of the Limbic System (Visceral Brain),Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology  4 (1952): 407–18.
  17. . MacLean (n. 2 above); “Implications of Microelectrode Findings on Exteroreceptive Inputs to the Limbic Cortex,” in Limbic System Mechanisms and Autonomic Function, ed. C. H. Hockman (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1972), pp. 115–30.
  18. . For review see P. D. MacLean, “The Limbic Brain in Relation to the Psychoses,” in Physiological Correlates of Emotion, ed. P. Black (New York: Academic Press, 1970), pp. 129–46.
  19. . MacLean (n. 8 above).
  20. . J. S.Stamm. The Function of the Median Cerebral Cortex in Maternal Behavior of Rats,Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology  48 (1955): 347–56. B. M.Slotnick, “Disturbances of Maternal Behavior in the Rat Following Lesions of the Cingulate Cortex. Behaviour  24: (1967) 204–36.
  21. . MacLean (n. 8 above).
  22. . MacLean (n. 18 above).
  23. . Ibid.
  24. . MacLean (n. 2 above).
  25. . A. Koestler, The Sleepwalkers (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963), p. 624.
  26. . Ibid.
  27. . MacLean (n. 12 above).
  28. . P. D. MacLean. “Man and His Animal Brains,” Modern Medicine 32 (1964):95–106. “Alternative Neural Pathways to Violence,” in Alternatives to Violence, ed. L. Ng (New York: Time‐Life Books, 1968), pp. 24–34.
  29. . J. B. Calhoun, “Population Density and Social Pathology,” Scientific American. 206(1962):139–46; K. Myers, C. S. Hale, R. Mykytowycz, and R. L. Hughes, “The Effects of Varying Density and Space on Sociality and Health in Animals,” in Behavior and Environment, ed. Aristide H. Esser (New York: Plenum Press, 1971), pp. 148–87.
  30. . A. Koestler, The Ghost in the Machine (New York: Macmillan Co., 1968), p. 384.
  31. . Ibid.